Professor Md. Rafiqul Islam received his Bachelor of Science in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka in 1987, and started his career as a lecturer at Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology in 1988. He received his MSc and Ph.D both in Electrical Engineering from University of Technology Malaysia in 1996 and 2000, respectively.
Prof. Islam is presently a Professor at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). He was given the Best Lecturer Award in the Faculty of Engineering in 2005 in recognition of his teaching performance. He coordinated to develop a new programme, Master of Science in Communication Engineering at the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2005. He is very active in research and publication having published more than 250 research papers in national and international journals and conferences.
He has published two books titled as 1) Antennas and Propagation: Modeling, Simulation and Measurements and 2) Dust Storm Attenuation Studies for Microwave Link Design and an author of 25 chapters in other books. More than 40 postgraduate students completed their Ph.D and MSc under his supervision. Since 2001, he has successfully completed 16 research projects funded by MOSTI, MOHE and IIUM. He was in the organizing committee for International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering ICCCE (1st-6th) and six international conferences since 2006. He was the technical chair of 6th International Conference (ICCCE2016). Prof. Islam has reviewed more than 100 technical papers for international conferences and journals including IEEE Transactions and other high impact journals.
He is currently working in Malaysia 5G Working Group under International Telecommunication Union and supervising several research projects to overcome the effects of Haze, Rain, Dust and Fog on Free Space Optics (FSO) and Hybrid FSO/RF Systems. He is a Life Fellow of the Institute of Engineers Bangladesh (FIEB) and a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and Institute of Engineering Technology (IET).

• Engineering Tech ~ Engineering And Technology ~ Electrical and Electronic Engineering ~ Other Electrical and Electronic Engineering n.e.c. - Electrical
• Engineering Tech ~ Engineering And Technology ~ Electrical and Electronic Engineering ~ Other Electrical and Electronic Engineering n.e.c. - Electronic

• 2003 - 2018: Member of Profesional Body / Association: (Member), IEEE
• 2003 - 2021: Member of Profesional Body / Association: (Member), IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society (APS)
• 2003 - 2020: Member of Profesional Body / Association: (Member), IEEE Communication Society (ComSoc)
• 2008 - 2025: Member of Profesional Body / Association: (Life Fellow), The Institute of Engineers Bangladesh (Life Fellow, IEB)
• 2017 - 2021: Member of Profesional Body / Association: (Member), The Institution of Engineering & Technology (IET)
• 2018 - 2021: Member of Profesional Body / Association: (Graduate Engineer), Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM)
• 2018 - 2021: Member of Profesional Body / Association: (Senior Member), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (Senior Member, IEEE)

ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION	2023/2024 2022/2023 2021/2022 2020/2021 2019/2020 2018/2019 2017/2018 2016/2017 2015/2016 2014/2015 2013/2014 2012/2013 2011/2012 2010/2011 2009/2010 2008/2009 2007/2008 2006/2007 2005/2006 2004/2005 2003/2004
ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION (LAB)	2003/2004
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING	2006/2007
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB II	2018/2019 2017/2018 2016/2017 2015/2016 2014/2015 2013/2014
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING LAB III	2013/2014 2012/2013 2011/2012 2010/2011 2009/2010 2008/2009
COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES	2002/2003
COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING LAB II	2023/2024 2022/2023 2021/2022 2020/2021 2019/2020 2018/2019
ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING LAB I	2011/2012
ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY	2010/2011 2006/2007
ELECTROMAGNETICS THEORY	2006/2007 2004/2005 2003/2004 2002/2003 2001/2002
ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETIC	2010/2011
FINAL YEAR PROJECT 1	2020/2021 2019/2020
FINAL YEAR PROJECT I	2019/2020 2018/2019
Final Year Project II	2021/2022 2018/2019
MICROPROCESSORS & INTERFACING	2003/2004 2002/2003 2001/2002
MICROPROCESSORS & INTERFACING (LAB)	2003/2004 2002/2003
MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS	2009/2010 2007/2008 2006/2007 2005/2006 2004/2005
NETWORK ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS	2002/2003
PROJECT I	2007/2008 2006/2007 2005/2006
PROJECT II	2007/2008 2006/2007 2005/2006
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS	2003/2004
SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS	2023/2024 2020/2021 2019/2020 2018/2019 2017/2018 2016/2017 2015/2016 2014/2015 2013/2014 2012/2013 2011/2012 2010/2011 2009/2010 2008/2009 2007/2008
SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS	2023/2024 2022/2023 2021/2022 2020/2021 2019/2020 2018/2019 2017/2018 2016/2017 2015/2016 2014/2015 2013/2014 2012/2013 2011/2012 2010/2011 2009/2010 2008/2009 2007/2008 2006/2007 2005/2006 2004/2005
TRANMISSION MEDIA (LAB)	2003/2004
TRANSMISSION MEDIA	2005/2006 2004/2005 2003/2004 2002/2003

Completed

2019 - 2022	Structural Studies of Glass-Polymer Composite for More Robust Flexible Wearable Antenna via Injection Moulding Process
2018 - 2022	A hybrid-Discrete Wavelet Transform for New Diversity Technique in Millimeter Wave 5G System with Energy Harvesting
2016 - 2018	Development of Rain Fading Characteristics for Tropical Stratiform and Convective Events for High Frequency Satellite Link in Malaysia
2016 - 2019	Modeling of Multiband / Wideband Stack Series Array Antenna Configuration for 5G Application
2016 - 2019	Derivation of a Modified Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) Formulation for Satellite Links Fade Margin Operating in Malaysia
2016 - 2019	RF Characterization Enhancement of Material for 3D Printing Application
2016 - 2019	Real-Time Data Retrieval and Sorting System for the IoT
2015 - 2018	Performance Enhancement of a UWB Antenna Using Backing Cavity for Improved Wireless Communication Systems
2015 - 2017	Development of a Revised Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) Formulation for a more Reliable Satellite Link Fade Margin in Tropical Region
2013 - 2015	Cross Layer and Co-Layer Management of Femtocells Interference
2013 - 2017	Exploration on CMOS Capacitance Based Structural Health Monitoring by Energy Harvested Wireless Sensor Networks
2012 - 2013	Investigation of the Effect of Electromagnetic Radiation on Human from Wireless Communication Systems Frequencies 2-2.5GHz
2012 - 2013	Design of IR-UWB Pulse Generator for 802.11a & WIMAX Interference Avoidance
2012 - 2013	Fine-Grained Modelling of Interference in Femtocell 4G Wireless Networks
2011 - 2011	Design And Development Of RFID Tag Antenna For The Use Of Metallic Item
2010 - 2014	Millimeter Wave Satellite Communications Studies
2010 - 2012	Design and Implementation of a Smart Mobile Phone Jammer
2010 - 2011	Development of a Path Loss Model for Mobile Communications in Malaysia
2009 -	Investigation of the Performance of the Existing Propagation Path Loss Models for Mobile Communication in Malaysia
2009 - 2011	Development of Rain Fade Data Acquisition and Analysis System for MEASET3 Satellite Beacon
2009 - 2011	Design Microwave Experimental Setup for Attention Measurements under Controlled Weather Conditions
2009 - 2011	Design and Stimulation of Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm and Linear Array Antenna for Smart Antenna System
2009 -	Sigma-to-beta Converter Analysis, Simulation and Experimental Details.
2009 - 2012	Developing A Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Software For Solving Large Electromagnetic Problems
2008 - 2011	Fade Dynamics Modeling for Earth-Satellite links at Ku-Band in Malaysia
2008 - 2010	Wireless Data Acquisition for Monitoring of Civil Structures with Embedded Sensors - Experimental Results
2008 - 2010	Characterization of Indoor Powerlines As Data Channels- Experimental Details and Results
2008 - 2009	Design and Develop a Smart Antenna System
2007 - 2009	Characterization of Direct Sensor-to-Microcontroller Interfacing
2007 - 2009	Developing a Finite Difference Time Domain Software for Antenna Design
2006 - 2008	Design and Fabrication of High Performance RF-MEMS Switches
2006 - 2010	Measurement of Specific Absorption Rate from Wireless LAN Radiation in International Islamic University Campus
2006 - 2009	Antenna Design using Advanced Materials for Wireless Communications

On-Going

2021 - Present

Space Radiation Effects on Optical Transceiver System of Satellite at Near Equatorial Low Earth Orbit

25 Jul, 2019	Best Researcher Award - Kulliyyah Level - IIUM TAKRIM DAY 2019	University
30 Nov, 2017	Best Paper Award - 2017 IEEE 4th International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Application (ICSIMA 2017)	International
02 Sep, 2016	Outstanding Contributor - Journal Articles Indexed in Scopus & WOS - Deputy Rector (Research & Innovation) - CREAM 2016	University
12 Dec, 2007	Develop of Analytical Flat Phantom Model for EM Radiation to Evaluate Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in Human Body - Kulliyyah of Engineering	University
12 Dec, 2007	Vision i??Based Lane Detection for Driving Assistance System (Silver, Kerie December 12-13, 2007) - Kulliyyah of Engineering	University
15 Jan, 2006	Power Line Data Transmission (Bronze, KERIE 2006) - Kulliyyah of Engineering	University
07 Mar, 2005	Quality Award - Best Lecturer, Kulliyyah of Engineering, 2005	University
15 Jan, 2005	Radio Link Design Software (Bronze, KERIE 2005) - Kulliyyah of Engineering	University
15 Jan, 2005	Image Capturing From UAV and Ground Display System (Bronze, KERIE 2005) - Kulliyyah of Engineering	University

Article

2023	Generic patient-centered blockchain-based EHR management system. Applied Sciences, 13 (3) pp. 1-19
2023	Levenberg Marquardt artificial neural network model for self organising networks implementation in wireless sensor network. IET Wireless Sensor Systems, () pp. 1-14
2023	The effect of dataset imbalance on the performance of SCADA intrusion detection systems. Sensors, 23 (2) pp. 1-13
2022	A comprehensive analysis of blockchain-based cryptocurrency mining impact on energy consumption. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications (IJACSA), 13 (4) pp. 590-598
2022	A multiwall path-loss prediction model using 433 mhz LoRa-WAN frequency to characterize Foliage’s influence in a Malaysian palm oil plantation environment. Sensors, 22 (14) pp. 1-17
2022	A notched UWB microstrip patch antenna for 5G lower and FSS bands. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, () pp. 1-7
2022	A review on blockchain technology for distribution of energy. International Journal of Engineering Materials and Manufacture, 7 (2) pp. 61-70
2022	ANN-based LoRaWAN channel propagation model. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 16 (11) pp. 91-106
2022	Applications of deep learning algorithms for supervisory control and data acquisition intrusion detection system. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 9 () pp. 1-10
2022	Blockchain: consensus algorithm key performance indicators, trade-offs, current trends, common drawbacks, and novel solution proposals. Mathematics, 10 (15) pp. 1-35
2022	Design and development of uwb patch antenna with variable band notched using ring-shaped slits. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 100 (7) pp. 2119-2126
2022	Design of wearable textile patch antenna using C-Shape etching slot. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 16 (11) pp. 107-120
2022	Design of Wilkinson power divider at 28 GHz for 5G applications. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 26 (3) pp. 1444-1450
2022	Effect of dust storm intensity variations on total path attenuation prediction. IEEE Transactions on Antenna and Propagation, online (Early Access) pp. 1-8
2022	Extending CloudSim to simulate sensor networks. Simulation: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International, online (early access) pp. 1-20
2022	Fully decentralized, cost-effective energy demand response management system with a smart contracts-based optimal power flow solution for smart grids. Energies, 15 (12) pp. 1-27
2022	LoRaWAN monitoring system for emergency vital signs in Pusu River. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Computing, 16 (15) pp. 93-111
2022	Machine learning-blockchain based autonomic peer-to-peer energy trading system. Applied Science, 12 (7) pp. 1-32
2022	Millimetre-wave propagation channel based on NYUSIM channel model with consideration of rain fade in tropical climates. IEEE Access, () pp. 1-17
2022	Near ground pathloss propagation model using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system for wireless sensor network communication in forest, jungle, and open dirt road environments. Sensors, 22 (9) pp. 1-18
2022	Performance analysis antenna diversity technique with wavelet transform using array gain for millimeter wave communication system. Electronics, 11 (16) pp.
2022	Prediction of time diversity gain – comparison between ITU-R P.618-13 using a concept of rain rate with delay and synthetic storm technique. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 16 (11) pp. 178-192
2022	Robust decentralized proof of location for blockchain energy applications using game theory and random selection. Sustainability, 14 (10) pp. 1-24
2022	Semicircular slot based UWB microstrip patch antenna for variable band notched applications. ASEAN Engineering Journal (AEJ), 12 (4) pp. 145-149
2022	Systematic review on ai-blockchain based e-healthcare records management systems. IEEE Access, 10 () pp. 94583-94615
2022	Systematic review on ai-blockchain based e-healthcare records management systems. IEEE Access, () pp. 1-35
2022	Tropical terrestrial free space optical link performance analysis. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 16 (12) pp. 94-102
2022	UWB microstrip patch antenna with 5G lower band notch characteristics. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 16 (11) pp. 193-206
2022	Wearable smart phone sensor fall detection system. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies, 16 (12) pp. 72-93
2022	Wearable textile patch antenna: challenges and future directions. IEEE Access, () pp. 1-22
2021	A tree-profile shape ultra wide band antenna for chipless RFID tags. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 12 (4) pp. 546-550
2021	Anomaly detection in ICS datasets with machine learning algorithms. Computer Systems Science and Engineering, 37 (1) pp. 33-46
2021	Cryptocurrency integration challenges in blockchain for financial institution. Asian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1 (2) pp. 28-36
2021	Design of UWB microstrip patch antenna with variable band notched characteristics. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control, 19 (2) pp. 357-363
2021	Dynamic power allocation and scheduling for MIMO RF energy harvesting wireless sensor platforms. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control, 19 (5) pp. 1466-1474
2021	Effects of humidity on sand and dust storm attenuation predictions based on 14 GHz measurement. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control, 19 (2) pp. 364-371
2021	Energy harvesting effect on prolonging low-power lossy networks lifespan. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 17 (8) pp. 1-17
2021	Industrial datasets with ICS testbed and attack detection using machine learning techniques. Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, 31 (3) pp. 1345-1360
2021	Rain attenuation prediction based on theoretical method with realistic drop shape for millimeter-wave radio in tropical region. IEICE Communications Express, () pp.
2021	Security analysis of LNMNT-lightweight crypto hash function for IoT. IEEE Access, 4 (4) pp. 1-12
2021	Self-detection of early breast cancer application with infrared camera and deep learning. MDPI Electronics Journal, 10 (20) pp. 1-18
2021	Signal attenuation prediction podel for a 22 GHz terrestrial communication link in Sudan due to dust and sand storms using machine learning. IEEE Access, 9 () pp. 164632-164642
2021	Thermal-based early breast cancer detection using inception V3, inception V4 and modified inception MV4. Neural Computing and Applications, Early Access (online) pp. 1-16
2020	A radiometeorological study based on data from Malaysia and Amazon Region. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29 (7) pp. 1883-1899
2020	A real-time mobile notification system for inventory stock out detection using SIFT and RANSAC. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 14 (5) pp. 32-46
2020	A systematic review of breast cancer detection using thermography and neural networks. IEEE Access, 8 () pp. 208922-208937
2020	Analysis of rain fade slope for terrestrial links. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 18 (2) pp. 896-902
2020	Availability modeling of terrestrial hybrid FSO/RF based on weather statistics from tropical region. IET Communications, Ahead of print () pp. 1937-1941
2020	Dynamic power allocation and scheduling for MIMO RF energy harvesting wireless sensor platforms. TELKOMNIKA Telecommunication, Computing, Electronics and Control, 19 (5) pp. 1466 -1474
2020	Mobile drone localization in indoor environment based on passive RFID. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 14 (5) pp. 1-12
2020	Modelling of rain rate gain to mitigate rain fades for satellite links design. Technology Reports of Kansai University, 62 (7) pp. 4157-4169
2020	Modification of distance factor in rain attenuation prediction for short-range millimeter-wave links. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 19 (6) pp. 1027-1031
2020	Performance evaluation of 5G OFDM Filter Solutions with multiuser superposition transmission. Technical Reports of Kanzai University (TRKU), 62 (9) pp. 5515-5529
2020	Performance evaluation of lightweight Crypto functions for Internet of things applications. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical & Control Systems, 12 (2) pp. 800-808
2020	POMDP formulation for energy harvesting network with wireless distributed computing. HAL archives-ouvertes, () pp. 1-6
2020	Rain attenuation for 5G network in tropical region (Malaysia) for terrestrial link. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, 90 () pp. 99-104
2020	Rain fade analysis on earth–to-satellite microwave link operating in Comoros. Journal of Physics, 1489 () pp. 1-12
2020	Rain fade slope model for terrestrial microwave links. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies, 12 (5) pp. 372-379
2020	Site diversity mitigation techniques for satellite services for KA-band. Solid State Technology, 63 (6) pp. 8012-8022
2019	A 28 GHz MIMO antenna array design for 5G applications. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 11 (1) pp. 197-203
2019	Accelerometer based structural health monitoring system on the go: Developing monitoring systems with NI LabVIEW. International Journal of Online and Biomedical Engineering (iJOE), 15 (7) pp. 32-51
2019	Analysis of airborne dust effects on terrestrial microwave propagation in arid area. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (BEEI), 8 (3) pp. 1014-1021
2019	Analysis of different digital filters for received signal strength indicator. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (BEEI), 8 (3) pp. 970-977
2019	Cyber attacks analysis and mitigation with machine learning techniques in ICS SCADA systems. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 11 (1) pp. 180-188
2019	Design and implementation of tri-band microstrip antenna. International Journal of Microwave and Optical Technology, 14 (6) pp. 409-414
2019	Designing large-scale antenna array using sub-array. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 8 (3) pp. 906-915
2019	Diversity technique using discrete wavelet transform in OFDM system. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology, 8 (2) pp. 284-287
2019	Energy harvesting network with wireless distributed computing. IEEE Systems Journal, early access () pp. 1-12
2019	Gateway sink placement for sensor node grid distribution in LoRa smart city networks. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 14 (2) pp. 834-842
2019	Hybrid precoding design using MMSE baseband precoder for mm-wave multi-user MIMO systems. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering ( (IJRTE ), 8 (2S11) pp. 3486-3490
2019	Investigation of time diversity gain for earth to satellite link using rain rate gain. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 8 (3) pp. 951-959
2019	IoT Light Weight (LWT) crypto functions. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 13 (4) pp. 117-128
2019	Mitigation of multipath fading in indoor radiometric fingerprinting systems. Computers and Electrical Engineering, 73 (1) pp. 46-57
2019	Multiband antenna using stacked series array for Ka-Band application. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (BEEI), 8 (3) pp. 1004-1013
2019	New hybrid tag estimator for the dynamic framed slotted aloha in RFID systems. Proceedings of Science and Engineering (PET), 46 () pp. 75-78
2019	New tag estimator for the dynamic framed slotted Aloha anti-collision algorithm in RFID systems. International Journal of Computer Science, Communication & Information Technology (CSCIT), 8 (1) pp. 1-5
2019	On the analysis of received signal strength indicator from ESP8266. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (BEEI), 8 (3) pp. 933-940
2019	Performance of BER with different diversity techniques for millimeter-wave communication system. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8 (6S4) pp. 1149-1152
2019	Smartphone aided real-time blood vein detection system. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (BEEI), 8 (3) pp. 1096-1107
2019	The effects of rain fade on millimetre wave channel in tropical climate. Bulletin of Eletrial engineering and Informatics, 8 (2) pp. 653-664
2018	A real time vein detection system. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 10 (1) pp. 129-137
2018	A wideband circularly-polarized spiral antenna for Cube Sat Application. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 10 (1-8) pp. 17-20
2018	An indoor path loss model for wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Ultra Wideband Communications and Systems, 3 (4) pp. 192-200
2018	Analysis of time diversity gain for satellite communication link based on ku-band rain attenuation data measured in Malaysia. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 8 (4) pp. 2608-2613
2018	Availability prediction methods for terrestrial free-space-optical link under tropical climate. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 10 (1) pp. 224-229
2018	Beam steering antenna array for 5G telecommunication systems applications. Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, 67 (4) pp. 197-207
2018	Cluttered traffic distribution in LoRa LPWAN. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 10 (1) pp. 214-223
2018	Effects of inter-element spacing and number of elements on planar array antenna characteristics. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 10 (1) pp. 230-240
2018	Evaluation of MAC’s distributed queuing algorithm for internet of things applications. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 10 (3) pp. 966-973
2018	Gateway sink placement for sensor node grid distribution in LoRa smart city networks. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, () pp. 1-7
2018	Interference avoidance using dynamic frequency reuse for LTE-A system. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7 (3.7) pp. 1-3
2018	Low-cost vibration chamber for landslide sensory and alarm system. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 10 (1) pp. 110-119
2018	Rain fade duration prediction models for a high elevation angle based on measured data in tropical climate. Advances in Space Research, 62 (7) pp. 1879-1883
2018	Rain rate distributions for microwave link design based on long term measurement in Malaysia. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 10 (3) pp. 1023-1029
2018	Real measurement study for rain rate and rain attenuation conducted over 26 GHz microwave 5G link system in Malaysia. IEEE Access, 6 () pp. 19044-19064
2018	Real measurement study for rain rate and rain attenuation conducted over 26 GHz microwave 5G link system in Malaysia. IEEE Access, 6 () pp. 19044-19064
2017	A 2X2 MIMO Patch Antenna for Multi-Band Applications. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 5 (4) pp. 383-389
2017	A modified PEC-backed spiral antenna with improved pattern symmetry. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC), 9 (3 ( July-Sep)) pp. 33-36
2017	Availability assessment of free-space-optics links with rain data from tropical climates. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 35 (19) pp. 4282-4288
2017	Dust storm attenuation modeling based on measurements in Sudan. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 65 (8) pp. 4200-4208
2017	Effects of shadowing on LoRa LPWAN Radio links. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 7 (6) pp. 2970-2976
2017	Enhanced vein detection from video sequences. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 8 (2) pp. 420-427
2017	Novel distributed algorithm for coalition formation for enhanced spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. International Journal of Electronics and Communications ( AEU), 77 (7) pp. 139-148
2017	Novel distributed algorithm for coalition formation in cognitive radio networks for throughput enhancement using matching theory. International Journal of Communication Systems, () pp. 1-15
2017	Performance analysis of rain attenuation on earth-to-satellite microwave links design in Libya. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 260 (na) pp. 012041
2017	Performance comparison between Archimedean and Equiangular spiral antenna. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering (JTEC), 9 (2 (April-June)) pp. 105-109
2017	RSSI-based human presence detection system for energy saving automation. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI), 5 (4) pp. 339-350
2017	Security aspects and efforts towards secure Internet of things. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 9 (2-2) pp. 147-152
2017	Site diversity gain for earth-to-satellite links using rain intensity measurement. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI), 5 (4) pp. 330-338
2017	The distribution of path loss exponent in 3D indoor environment. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12 (18) pp. 7154-7161
2016	A modified LTE simulator for 3D femtocell networks. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11 (1) pp. 415-420
2016	Availability analysis of free-space-optical links based on rain rate and visibility statistics from tropical a climate. Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, 127 (22) pp. 10316-10321
2016	Delay contributing factors and strategies towards its minimization in IoT. Journal of Telecommunication, Electronic and Computer Engineering, 8 (3) pp. 149-153
2016	Development of Wi-Fi based home energy monitoring system for green internet of things. Journal of Electronic Science and Technology, 14 (3) pp. 249-256
2016	Jammer localization using wireless devices with mitigation by self-configuration. PLOS ONE, 11 (9) pp. 1-21
2016	Parameterized indoor propagation model for mobile communication links . Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 58 (4) pp. 823-826
2016	TOPSIS-Based service arbitration for autonomic Internet of things. IEEE ACCESS, 4 (-) pp. 1313-1320
2016	Visibility effect on the availability of a terrestrial free space optics link under a tropical climate. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 143-144 () pp. 47-52
2015	A modified effective path length for predicting rain attenuation based on measurements in Penang-Malaysia . ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (21) pp. 10096-100100
2015	A modified effective path length for predicting rain attenuation based on measurements in Penang-Malaysia. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (21) pp. 10096-10100
2015	A proposed rain attenuation prediction method for free space optical link based on rain rate statistics. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (23) pp. 17351-17355
2015	Autonomic computing in internet of things for resource management. Journal of Next Generation Information Technology, 6 (4) pp. 47-62
2015	Characterization of RF signal behavior for the use in indoor human presence detection. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (21) pp. 9669-9674
2015	Coalition formation for throughput enhancement in cognitive radio wireless networks. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (21) pp. 9675-9681
2015	Design of dual band notched ultra wideband antenna using (U-W) shaped slots. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (23) pp. 17375-17379
2015	Design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using stepped cut at four corners for broadband/ multiband application. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (22) pp. 17265-17269
2015	Design of rectangular microstrip patch antenna using stepped cut at four corners for broadband/multiband application. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (22) pp. 17265-17269
2015	Development of physical intrusion detection system using wi-fi/zigbee RF signals. Procedia Computer Science, 76 () pp. 547-552
2015	Effects of wind velocity on slant path rain-attenuation for satellite application in Malaysia. Acta Astronautica, 117 () pp. 402-407
2015	Fair scheduling algorithm in LTE-advanced networks. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (23) pp. 17337-17340
2015	GAMMA shaped monopole patch antenna for tablet PC. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (23) pp. 17433-17437
2015	Gamma shaped monopole patch antenna for tablet PC. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (23) pp. 17433-17350
2015	Investigation of metamaterial unit cells based on dispersion characteristics. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (23) pp. 17380-17385
2015	Investigation on routing aspects towards RPL optimization . ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (21) pp. 9730-9735
2015	On the experimental study of composite dessicants for energy efficient air dehumidification. IIUM Engineering Journal, 16 (2(SI)) pp. 1-11
2015	Performance evaluation of LTE scheduling techniques for heterogeneous traffic and different mobility scenarios. Advanced Computer and Communication Engineering Technology Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 315 (15) pp. 141-150
2015	Phased array antenna design for 5G mobile networks. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (23) pp. 17370-17374
2015	Radio resource scheduling in LTE-advanced system with carrier aggregation. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (22) pp. 17281-17285
2015	Survey on energy harvesting cognitive radio network. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 10 (23) pp. 17407-17415
2014	A modified rain attenuation prediction model for tropical V-band satellite earth link. International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking, 32 (1) pp. 1-11
2014	Comparison of measured rain attenuation in the 10.982-GHz band with predictions and sensitivity analysis. International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking, () pp.
2014	Effect of modulation technique in Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) in optical OFDM system. International Journal of Computer Networks and Wireless Communications (IJCNWC), 4 (4) pp. 257-263
2014	Investigation of the unified rain attenuation prediction method with data from tropical climates. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 13 () pp. 1108-1111
2014	Monthly and diurnal variability of rain rate and rain attenuation during the monsoon period in Malaysia. Radioengineering, 23 (2) pp. 754-757
2014	Water Quality and Plankton Composition of Amblypharyngodon mola Monoculture Fish Pond in Bangladesh. International Journal of Emerging Trends in Science and Technology, 1 (7) pp. 1005-1014
2013	An improved slant path attenuation prediction method in tropical climates. Radioengineering, 22 (4) pp. 1082-1089
2013	Atmospheric effects on free space earth-to-satellite optical link in tropical climate. International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (IJCSEA), 3 (1) pp. 17-36
2013	Comparison between measured and predicted path loss for mobile communication in Malaysia. World Applied Sciences Journal , 21 () pp. 123-128
2013	Investigation of three dimensional empirical indoor path loss models for femtocell networks. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 53 (Conf.1) pp. 012021-1
2013	Preliminary analysis of dust effects on microwave propagation measured in Sudan. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 53 () pp. 1-7
2013	Proposed parameters of specific rain attenuation prediction for free space optics link operating in tropical region. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 94 () pp. 93-99
2013	Rain attenuation analysis using synthetic storm technique in Malaysia . IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 53 (Conf.1) pp. 012045-1
2013	Rain fade slope model in satellite path based on data measured in heavy rain zone. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 12 () pp. 50-53
2013	Review of rain attenuation studies in tropical and equatorial regions in Malaysia: an overview. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 55 (1) pp. 103-113
2013	Tropospheric scintillation prediction models for a high elevation angle based on measured data from a tropical region. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 105/06 () pp. 91-96
2013	Two dimensional array based overlay network for balancing load of peer-to-peer live video streaming. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 53 () pp. 012065 -1
2013	Using full rainfall rate distribution for rain attenuation predictions over terrestrial microwave links in Malaysia. Signal Processing Research, 2 (1) pp. 25-28
2012	A novel sine wave based UWB pulse generator design for single/multi-user systems. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 4 (23) pp. 5243-5247
2012	An improved ITU-R rain attenuation prediction model over terrestrial microwave links in tropical region. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 2012 (1) pp. 189-197
2012	Application of partial grounding technique for ultra wide band antenna. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6 (2) pp. 230-234
2012	Comparison of tropospheric scintillation models on earth-space paths in tropical region . Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 4 (11) pp. 1616-1623
2012	Design of microstrip patch antenna using slotted partial ground and addition of stairs and stubs for UWB application . Cyber Journals : Multidisciplinary Journals in Science and Technology, Journal of Selected Areas in Telecommunications (JSAT), () pp.
2012	Enhanced clustering routing protocol for power-efficient gathering in wireless sensor network. International Journal of Communication Networks and Information Security, 4 (1) pp. 18-28
2012	Rain attenuation predictions on terrestrial radio links: differential equations approach . European Transactions on Telecommunications, 23 (3) pp. 293-301
2012	Wideband patch antenna design using selective particle swarm optimization. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 8 (1) pp. 431-433
2011	Analysis of Radio Model Performance for Clustering Sensor Networks. Sensors & Transducers Journal, 128 (5) pp. 27-38
2011	Analysis of the Rain Effects on Terrestrial Free Space Optics Based on Data Measured in Tropical Climate.. IIUM Engineering Journal, 12 (5) pp. 45-51
2011	Antenna design using particle swarm optimization. International Journal of Electromagnetism and Applications, 2 (1) pp. 17-22
2011	Cubic spline based particle swarm optimization for microstrip antennas. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5 (12) pp. 804-807
2011	Design and implementation of potentiometer-based nonlinear transducer emulator. IIUM Engineering Journal, 12 (1) pp. 77-87
2011	Feasibility analysis of free space earth to satellite optical link in tropical region. IIUM Engineering Journal, 12 (5) pp. 61-68
2011	Investigation of path loss models for mobile communications in Malaysia. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5 (6) pp. 365-371
2011	Modification of ITU-R rain fade slope prediction model based on satellite data measured at high elevation angle. IIUM Engineering Journal, 12 (5) pp. 53-59
2011	Vision based road lane detection system for vehicles guidance. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5 (5) pp. 728-738
2010	A novel printed antenna for ultrawideband RFID (UWB-RFID) tag. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 52 (11) pp. 2528-2531
2010	Design of capacitance to voltage converter for capacitive sensor transducer. American Journal of Applied Sciences , 7 (10) pp. 1353-1357
2010	Fade margin analysis due to duststorm based on visibility data measured in a desert. American Journal of Applied Sciences , 7 (4) pp. 551-555
2010	Prediction of signal attenuation due to duststorms using mie scattering. IIUM Engineering Journal, 11 (1) pp. 71-87
2009	Effects of MEMS material on designing a multi-band reconfigurable antenna. Iranian Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 8 (2) pp. 112-118
2009	Mathematical model For the prediction of microwave signal attenuation due to duststorm. Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, 6 () pp. 139-153
2009	Microelectrical mechanical systems switch for designing multi-band antenna. Journal of Computer Science, 5 (7) pp. 479-486
2009	New system for secure cover file of hidden data in the image page within executable file using statistical Steganography Techniques. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Security, 7 (1) pp. 273-279
2009	Signal attenuation due to duststorms at KA band . Sudan Engineering Society Journal, 53 (56) pp.
2009	Tunable bandpass filter using RF MEMS switches. IIUM Engineering Journal, 10 (2) pp. 69-80
2008	Capacitive transducer circuits for liquid level measurement. International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Systems, 2 (3) pp. 195-197
2008	Design of a planar structure of multifrequency patch antenna. IJCSES International Journal of Computer Sciences and Engineering Systems,, 2 (3) pp. 207-211
2008	Rule-based fuzzy logic controller with adaptable reference. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 3 (1) pp. 7-11
2007	A high accuracy measurement circuit for soil moisture detection. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, 1 (11) pp. 947-950
2007	GUI for PC auto-shutdown. Computer and Electrical Engineering Elsevier, 34 (3) pp. 257-262
2007	Malaysian vehicle license plate recognition. The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, 4 (4) pp. 359-364
2006	Radiation measurement from mobile base stations at a university campus in Malaysia. American Journal of Applied Sciences , 3 (4) pp. 1781-1784

Conference or Workshop Item

2022	Control speed of BLDC motor using PID. In: 2022 IEEE 18th International Colloquium on Signal Processing & Applications (CSPA),
2022	Design of dual-linearly polarized patch antenna at millimetrewaves. In: 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and USNC-URSI Radio Science Meeting (AP-S/URSI),
2022	Effects of integration time on rain rate distribution for microwave link design. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Robotics, Vision, Signal Processing and Power Application,
2021	A Study of LoRa Signal Propagation in Hilly Suburban Area for Smart City Applications. In: 2021 IEEE 7th International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications,
2021	Automatic breast cancer detection using inception V3 in thermography. In: 2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE),
2021	Blockchain for Healthcare Medical Records Management System with Sharing Control. In: 2021 IEEE 7th International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications,
2021	Comparison of Unit-Cell and All-Cells Active Element Patterns of Small Antenna Array. In: IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference 2020,
2021	Design of circular patch antennas at mmWave. In: 2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE),
2021	Design of UWB patch antenna with 5g lower band notch characteristics using ring shape resonator. In: 2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE),
2021	Design of wearable textile patch antenna using C-Shape etching slot for Wi-Max and 5g lower band applications. In: 2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE),
2021	Enhanced design consideration for mobility support in IoT. In: I-CReST 2021 International Conference on Research and Practices in Science, Technology and Social Sciences,
2021	ICS cyber attack detection with ensemble machine learning and DPI using cyber-Kit datasets. In: 2021 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (ICCCE),
2021	LNMNT- New mersenne number based lightweight crypto hash function for ToT. In: 2021 8th International Conference on Computer Communication Engineering (ICCCE)�,
2021	Lora channel propagation modelling using artificial neural network. In: 2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE),
2021	Modeling and Quantifying Palm Trees Foliage Loss using LoRa Radio Links for Smart Agriculture Applications. In: 2021 IEEE 7th International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications,
2021	Prediction of rain attenuation on earth-to-satellite link using rain rate measurement with various integration times. In: 2021 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (ICCCE),
2021	River phosphorus pollution sensory detection & quantification system. In: ICCCE 2021 International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering 2021,
2021	Securing wireless communication using RF fingerprinting. In: 2021 8th International Conference On Computer Communication Engineering (ICCCE),
2021	Sungai Pusu river emergency vital signs monitoring using LoRaWAN. In: 2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE),
2021	Time diversity analysis based on predicted rain attenuation at KU, KA and V- bands using synthetic storm technique. In: 2021 8th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE),
2021	Wearable based-sensor fall detection system using machine learning algorithm. In: 2021 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING (ICCCE),
2020	A circular equivalent planar array configuration for 5.8 GHz radar application. In: 7th International Conference on Electronic Devices, Systems and Applications (ICEDSA 2020),
2020	Circular equivalent planar array- a new approach. In: Joint20209thInternational Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision(ICIEV),
2020	Design and analysis of a non-uniform planar antenna array. In: 2020 IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP),
2020	Design and analysis of a non-uniform planarantenna array. In: 2020 IEEE Asia Pasific Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP),
2020	Design of dual band notched ultra wideband microstrip patch antenna for 5G lower bands application. In: 7th International Conference on Electronic Devices, Systems and Applications (ICEDSA2020),
2020	Design of UWB microstrip patch antenna with variable band notched characteristic for WiMAX application. In: 2020 18th IEEE Student Conference On Research and Development (SCOReD),
2020	DGS-based quad element planar array for WLAN application with enhanced performance. In: 2020 18th IEEE Student Conference On Research and Development (SCOReD),
2020	Performance of MIMO DWT for millimeter wave communication system. In: 14th IEEE Malaysia International Conference on Communication, MICC 2019,
2020	Quintuple band antenna design using stacked series array for millimeter wave. In: 2020 30th International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC),
2020	Study for microstrip patch antenna for 5g networks. In: 2020 18th IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD 2020),
2019	Design of Hybrid Koch-Minkowski fractal dipole antenna for dual band wireless applications. In: 2019 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Applied Electromagnetics (APACE),
2019	Development of an emperical model for dust storm attenuation prediction. In: 2019 International Conference on Computer, Control, Electrical, and Electronics Engineering (ICCCEEE),
2019	Performance of MIMO DWT for millimeter wave communication system. In: 2019 IEEE 14th Malaysia International Conference on Communication (MICC), 2-4 December 2019,
2019	Rain fade analysis on earth–to-satellite microwave link operating in Comoros. In: 5th International Conference on Mathematical Applications in Engineering 2019 (ICMAE’19),
2018	Air born dust particles effects on microwave propagation in arid-area. In: 7th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering, ICCCE 2018,
2018	Availability modeling of terrestrial free-space-optical links using fade statistics from tropical climate. In: 4th IEEE International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications (ICSIMA2017),
2018	Blood vein detection system for SmartPhone. In: 2018 7th International Conference on Computer Communication Engineering (ICCCE2018),
2018	Characteristic analysis of received signal strength indicator from ESP8266 WiFi transceiver module. In: 2018 7th International Conference on Computer Communication Engineering (ICCCE2018),
2018	Comparative analysis of digital filters for received signal strength indicator. In: 2018 7th International Conference on Computer Communication Engineering (ICCCE2018),
2018	Dual band antenna design using stacked series array for Ka-band application. In: 2018 7th International Conference on Computer Communication Engineering (ICCCE2018),
2018	Early concept low cost design of vibration chamber for landslide sensory and alarm system. In: 2017 IEEE 4th International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Application (ICSIMA),
2018	Effects of inter element spacing on large antenna array characteristics. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications,
2018	Enhanced vision based vein detection system. In: 2017 IEEE 4th International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Application (ICSIMA),
2018	Millimeter wave channel modeling – present development and challenges in tropical areas. In: 2018 7th International Conference on Computer Communication Engineering (ICCCE2018),
2018	Prediction of rain rate distribution with time delay based on measured 1-min rain intensity data to mitigate fades on satellite link. In: 7th Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology 2018, BICET 2018,
2018	Rain attenuation for 5G network in tropical region (Malaysia) for terrestrial link. In: 13th IEEE Malaysia International Conference on Communications, MICC 2017,
2018	Scalability analysis for designing large-scale antenna array using sub-array. In: 2018 7th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE),
2018	Specific rain attenuation analysis and modeling For 5G communication. In: 7th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE) 2018,
2018	Time diversity gain analysis for earth to satellite link based on measured rain rate. In: 7th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE) 2018,
2017	A wideband circularly-polarized spiral antenna for CubeSat application. In: 4th International Conference on Communication and Computer Engineering (ICOCOE 2017),
2017	Analysis of time diversity gain for satellite communication link based on ku-band rain attenuation data measured in Malaysia. In: 2017 International Conference on Electrical, Electronic, Communication and Control Engineering (ICEECC2017),
2017	Design of dual band microstrip patch antenna using metamaterial. In: 6th International Conference on Mechatronics 2017 (ICOM'17),
2017	Development of ECG home monitoring system. In: 2017 IEEE Regional Symposium on Micro and Nanoelectronics ( RSM),
2017	Evaluation of MAC's distributed queuing algorithm for Internet of things applications. In: International Conference on Electrical, Electronic, Communication and Control Engineering (ICEECC2017),
2017	Hybrid precoding design using MMSE baseband precoder for mm-wave multi-user MIMO systems. In: Malaysia Doctorate Support Group Conference 2017 (MDSG Conferences 2017),
2017	Interference avoidance using dynamic frequency reuse for LTE-A system. In: MDSG Conferences Penang 2017,
2017	Miniaturized water flow and level monitoring system for flood disaster early warning. In: IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 260 (2017),
2017	Optimized vibration chamber for landslide sensory and alarm system. In: 6th International Conference on Mechatronics - ICOM'17,
2017	Optimum concentric circular array antenna with high gain and side lobe reduction at 5.8 GHz. In: 6th International Conference on Mechatronics - ICOM'17,
2017	Performance analysis of coalition formation algorithms based on matching theory for cognitive radio networks. In: 14th Student Conference on Research and Development, IEEE (SCOReD2016),
2017	Phased array antenna metamaterial based design operating in millimeter wave for 5G mobile networks. In: 14th Student Conference on Research and Development, IEEE (SCOReD2016),
2017	Rain rate distributions for microwave link design based on long term measurement in Malaysia. In: International Conference on Electrical, Electronic, Communication and Control Engineering 2017,
2017	Sensor node clutter distribution in LoRa LPWAN. In: 2017 IEEE International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications (ICSIMA 2017),
2016	Adaptive load balancing algorithm for wireless distributed computing networks. In: 2016 International Conference on Intelligent Systems Engineering (ICISE) ,
2016	Case study of rain attenuation At 26 GHz in tropical region (Malaysia) for terrestrial link. In: The 12th IEEE 12th Malaysia International Conference on Communications (MICC 2015),
2016	Coalition formation for cooperative spectrum sharing in cognitive radio wireless networks using Gale Shapley Algorithm. In: 2015 IEEE 6th Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC2015),
2016	Coalition formation for throughput enhancement via one-sided matching theory. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2016	Coalition formation for throughput enhancement via one-sided matching theory. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2016	Design and optimization of dual band microstip patch antenna using slots pair. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2016	Design of a quintuple band microstrip patch antenna using multiple L-slots. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2016	Design of multiple input multiple output patch antenna for multiband applications. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2016	Device discovery and configuration scheme for Internet of things. In: 2016 International Conference on Intelligent Systems Engineering (ICISE) ,
2016	Dust storms attenuation measurements at 14GHz and 21GHz in Sudan. In: 1st International Conference on Computing, Control, Networking, Electronics and Embedded Systems Engineering, ICCNEEE 2015,
2016	Effect of rain & haze on availability of terrestrial free space optical link under tropical weather conditions. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2016	Frequency diversity improvement factor for rain fade at terrestrial link in tropical region. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2016	Haze impact on availability of terrestrial free space optical link. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2016	Massive MIMO for Fifth Generation (5G): Opportunities and challenges. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2016	Mitigation technique for rain fade using frequency diversity method. In: 2015 IEEE 12th Malaysia International Conference on Communications (MICC 2015),
2016	Modeling of multiband/wideband stack series array antenna configuration for 5G application. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2016	Rain fade mitigation on earth-to-satellite microwave links using site diversity. In: 2015 IEEE 12th Malaysia International Conference on Communications (MICC 2015),
2016	Rain rate distribution for satellite to earth microwave links design in Libya. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2016	Wireless capacitor sensing for structural health monitor. In: World Congress on Engineering 2016,
2016	Wireless smart health monitoring system via mobile phone. In: 6th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2016),
2015	A proposed rain attenuation prediction method for free space optical link based on rain rate statistics . In: The International Postgraduate Conference on Engineering Research (IPCER 2015),
2015	Analysis of free space optics link availability with real data measurement in tropical weather. In: 5th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2014),
2015	Analysis of synthetic storm technique based on Ku-Band Satellite Beacon measurements in Malaysia. In: International Conference on Communication and Computer Engineering (ICOCOE 2014),
2015	Design of dual band notched ultra wideband antenna using (U-W) shaped slots. In: The International Postgraduate Conference on Engineering Research (IPCER 2015),
2015	Development of physical intrusion detection system using Wi-Fi / ZigBee RF signals. In: 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Robotics and Intelligent Sensors (IRIS 2015),
2015	Dynamic service arbitration for autonomic Internet of things. In: 4th International Conference on Internet Applications, Protocols and Services (NETAPPS2015) ,
2015	Energy efficient modulation technique on 10Gb/s coherent detection optical OFDM. In: 2015 Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC 2015),
2015	Frequency diversity improvement factor for rain fade mitigation in Malaysia. In: The IEEE International Women in Engineering (WIE) Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015 (WIECON-ECE 2015),
2015	Gamma shaped monopole patch antenna for tablet PC. In: The International Postgraduate Conference on Engineering Research (IPCER 2015),
2015	Preliminary analysis of dust storm effects on microwave links measured in Khartoum. In: 2015 IEEE 12th Malaysia International Conference on Communications (MICC),
2015	Throughput enhancement in cognitive radio network via coalition formation using matching theory. In: 2015 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCOReD),
2015	U-slot rectangular patch antenna for dual band application. In: International Conference on Communication and Computer Engineering (ICOCOE 2014),
2014	An efficient modulation technique to mitigate nonlinearities in optical OFDM. In: Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC), 2014,
2014	Analysis of rain fade mitigation using site diversity on earth-to-satellite microwave links at Ku-Band. In: 5th Brunei International Conference on Engineering and Technology (BICET) 2014,
2014	Analysis of the synthetic storm technique using rain height models to predict rain attenuation in tropical regions. In: 5th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2014),
2014	Assessment of ITU-R predictions for ku-band rain attenuation in Malaysia. In: 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Telecommunication Technologies (ISTT),
2014	Availability analysis of terrestrial free space optical link under the impact of rain condition. In: 5th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2014),
2014	Design of embedded parallel resonant circuit multiband microstrip patch antenna for tablet PC. In: 5th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2014),
2014	Development of an empirical dust storm attenuation prediction model for microwave links in arid area – a proposed framework. In: 5th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering,
2014	Effect of rain induced scintillation on Ku-band satellite link in tropical region. In: 2014 4th Engineering Technology and Technopreneuship (ICE2T) ,
2014	Enhancement resource scheduling algorithm in LTE-Advanced network with multiple component carriers. In: International Conference on Applied Electromagnetics (APPEIC 2014),
2014	Novel packet scheduling algorithm based on cross component carrier in LTE-advanced network with carrier aggregation. In: 5th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2014),
2014	Performance evaluation of LTE scheduling techniques for heterogeneous traffic and different mobility scenarios. In: 2014 International Conference on Communication and Computer Engineering (ICOCOE 2014),
2014	Rain attenuation prediction for higher frequencies in microwave communication using frequency scaling technique. In: 5th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering,
2014	Rain induced scintillation measurement on satellite link in tropical climate. In: 5th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2014),
2014	RSS based localization techniques for zigbee wireless sensor network. In: 5th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2014),
2014	Two dimensional array based overlay network for reducing delay of peer-to-peer live video streaming. In: 5th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering,
2013	Analysis of rain fade duration models for Earth-to-satellite path based on data measured in Malaysia. In: 5th International Conference on Mechatronics (ICOM'13) ,
2013	Comparison of empirical indoor propagation models for 4G wireless networks at 2.6 GHz. In: International Conference on Control, Engineering & Information Technology (CEIT2013),
2013	Fast UWB wireless connectivity for MIMO multi-user. In: The 4th International Conference on Information & Communication Technology for the Muslim World (ICT4M),
2013	Investigation of three dimensional empirical indoor path loss models for femtocell networks. In: 5th International Conference on Mechatronics (ICOM'13),
2013	Preliminary analysis of dust effects on microwave propagation measured in Sudan . In: 5th International Conference on Mechatronics (ICOM'13),
2013	Rain analysis on Ka-Band for terrestrial link point to point communication in Malaysia. In: 2013 IEEE 11th Malaysia International Conference on Communication (MICC 2013),
2013	Rain Attenuation Analysis using Synthetic Storm Technique in Malaysia. In: 5th International Conference on Mechatronics (ICOM'13),
2013	Rain attenuation prediction of optical wireless system in tropical region. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Smart Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications (ICSIMA 2013),
2013	Scintillation measurement on ku-band satellite path in tropical climate. In: 2013 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM 2013) ,
2013	Two dimensional array based overlay network for balancing load of peer-to-peer live video streaming. In: 5th International Conference on Mechatronics (ICOM'13),
2012	5.5-10.5 GHz IR-UWB Pulse Generator for Narrowband Interference Mitigation. In: 2012 International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering, ICCCE 2012,
2012	A novel design of 8-Gbps IR-UWB pulse generator. In: 4th International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering, Kuala Lumpur,
2012	Analyses of rain fade countermeasure technique time diversity at 26 GHz. In: 2012 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference Antennas and Propagation (APCAP),
2012	Analyses of worst-month rain fade statistics for Ku-band (26GHz) in the tropics. In: 2012 7th International Conference on Telecommunication Systems, Services, and Applications (TSSA),
2012	Analysis of long term tropospheric scintillation from Ku-band satellite link in tropical climate. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2012),
2012	Analysis of rain fade duration over satellite-earth path at Ku-Band in tropics. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2012),
2012	Comparison of microwave path lengths between temperate and tropical region based on effects of rain. In: Proceedings of PIERS 2012 in Moscow,
2012	Design and analysis of triple-band microstrip patch antenna with h-shaped slots. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2012),
2012	Dust-storm induced cross-polarization at MMW dands in Northern Nigeria. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2012),
2012	Effects of rain intensity variation on rain attenuation prediction for Free Space Optics (FSO) links. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2012),
2012	Effects of rain on scintillation measured on Ku-Band Satellite Signals in tropical region. In: ISAP2012 International Symposium,
2012	Environmental effects on free space earth-to-satellite optical link based on measurement data in Malaysia. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2012),
2012	Fade slope modeling at high elevation angle on space-earth path link. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2012),
2012	Femtocell interference mitigation. In: 2012 IEEE Control and System Graduate Research Colloquium (ICSGRC 2012),
2012	Propagation studies on rain for 5.8 GHz and 23 GHz point to point terrestrial link. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2012),
2012	Tuning fork UWB antenna with unsymmetrical feed line. In: Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium ,
2011	2.45 GHz passive RFID tag antenna mounting on various platforms. In: 2011 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM2011),
2011	A low-cost first-order sigma-delta converter design and analysis. In: Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), 2011 IEEE ,
2011	A proposed vertical path adjustment factor for dust storm attenuation prediction. In: 4th International Conference on Mechatronics (ICOM'11),
2011	Analysis of the Effects of Environment on the Performance of Free Space Earth-to-Satellite Optical Link in Malaysia. In: 2011 IEEE Student Conference on Research and Development (SCORED 2011),
2011	Comparison of empirical propagation path loss models for mobile communications in the suburban area of Kuala Lumpur. In: 4th International Conference on Mechatronics (ICOM'11),
2011	Design of triple-band h slot patch antenna. In: 2011 IEEE International RF and Microwave Conference (RFM2011),
2011	Effects of Impulsive Noise on Fourier Based OFDM and Wavelet Based OFDM. In: ICACSIS 2011,
2011	Investigating of rain attenuation impact on Free Space Optics propagation in tropical region. In: 4th International Conference on Mechatronics (ICOM) ,
2011	Novel MEMS fully differential capacitive transducer design and analysis. In: 2011 4th International Conference on Mechatronics: Integrated Engineering for Industrial and Societal Development (ICOM 2011),
2011	Prediction of the tropospheric scintillation for earth to satellite link in tropical climate. In: 4th International Conference on Mechatronics (ICOM'11),
2011	Preliminary analysis of Ku-Band rain fade data for earth-to-satellite path measured in Malaysia. In: 17th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC 2011),
2011	Preliminary analysis on the effect of rain attenuation on Free Space Optics (FSO) propagation measured in tropical weather condition . In: The 2011 International Conference on Space Science & Communication (IconSpace2011),
2011	Proposing a horizontal path adjustment factor for microwave link's attenuation prediction based on the analysis of dust storm behavior . In: 10th Malaysia International Conference on Communications (MICC)11),
2011	Rain attenuation prediction model for tropical V-band satellite earth link. In: International Conference on Telecommunication Technology and Applications,
2011	Rain fade analysis for practical free space optic link in tropical region. In: 4th International Conference on Mechatronics (ICOM'11),
2011	U-shaped planer UWB antenna with unsymmetrical feed. In: International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation (ISAP 2011),
2010	Climatic data acquisition system for satellite communications. In: IIUM Research, Innovation & Invention Exhibition (IRIIE 2010),
2010	Design and analysis of a first-order sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter for MEMS resistive sensor. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE),
2010	Design and optimization of linear array antenna based on the analysis of direction of arrival (DOA) estimation and beamforming algorithms. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2010),
2010	Design of a low noise amplifier with GaAs MESFET at Ku-Band. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2010),
2010	Design of multi-band passive RFID tag antenna. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2010),
2010	Development of duststorm attenuation model for microwave links. In: IIUM Research, Innovation & Invention Exhibition (IRIIE 2010),
2010	Effect of frequency on fade slope based on rain attenuation data measured in Malaysia. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2010),
2010	Effects of frequency on fade slope based on measured rain attenuation data in Malaysia. In: IIUM Research, Innovation & Invention Exhibition (IRIIE 2010),
2010	Fade dynamics analysis for for terrestrial microwave links. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2010),
2010	Impact of fiber optic dispersion on the performance of OFDM-QAM system. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering, ICCCE'10,
2010	Rain fade characteristics analyses for V-band link in tropical region. In: 2010 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT),
2010	Smart antenna design based on direction of arrival (DOA) and beamforming optimization. In: IIUM Research, Innovation & Invention Exhibition (IRIIE 2010),
2010	The effect of weather on free space optics communication (FSO) under tropical weather conditions and a proposed setup for measurement. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE 2010),
2009	“Stego-analysis chain, session two” novel approach of stego-analysis system for image file. In: 2009 International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology - Spring Conference,
2009	Effects of linear array antenna parameters to the performance of LMS beamforming algorithms . In: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Robotics, Vision, Signal Processing & Power Applications (RoViSP 2009),
2009	Multivariable transducer interfacing circuit for wireless monitoring of smart implants . In: XIX IMEKO World Congress, Fundamental and Applied Metrology,
2009	Performance study of direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithms for linear array antenna. In: 2009 International Conference on Signal Processing Systems (ICSPS 2009),
2009	Rain fade and it's effect analysis for earth-to-satellite microwave link based on measured rainfall statistics in Bangladesh. In: IEEE 9th Malaysia International Conference on Communications (MICC 2009) ,
2009	Rain fade slope analysis for terrestrial microwave link in Malaysia. In: 9th IEEE Malaysia Malaysia International Conferennce on Communications,
2009	Reconfigurable patch antenna by RF mems switches. In: International Symposium on Mechatronics and its Applications (ISMA09),
2009	Reconfigurable patch antenna by RF MEMS switches. In: 6th International Symposium on Mechatronics and its Applications (ISMA '09),
2008	A non-contact capacitance type level transducer for liquid characterization. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering 2008,
2008	Development of mathematical model for the prediction of microwave signal attenuation due to duststorm. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering 2008 ,
2008	Duststorm measurements for the prediction of attenuation on microwave signals in Sudan. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering (ICCCE08) ,
2008	Real time lane detection for autonomous vehicles. In: International Conference on Computer and Communication Engineering 2008 May 13-15, 2008 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ,
2007	Adaptive beamforming with 16 element linear array using MaxSIR and MMSE algorithms. In: 2007 IEEE International Conference on Telecommunications and Malaysia International Conference on Communications, ,
2006	Communication system for controlling smart appliances using power line communication. In: 2nd International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies, 2006, (ICTTA '06),
2006	Data transfer over a low voltage power line for data acquisition and monitoring of electrical appliances. In: Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2006. UPEC '06. Proceedings of the 41st International,
2006	High altitude platform for wireless communications and other services. In: 4th International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering,
2005	Evaluation of parabolic antenna types and their application in TVRO systems. In: Wireless Networks and Emerging Technologies. IASTED, Banff, Alberta, Canada (WNET 2005), July 2005. ,
2004	Communications cryptography. In: 2004 RF and Microwave Conference,
2004	Cyclic redundancy encoder for error detection in communication channels. In: 2004 RF and Microwave Conference,
2004	Speech coding for Bluetooth with CVSD algorithm. In: 2004 RF and Microwave Conference,
2004	Wireless and wired remote measrement unit design and applications. In: 39th International Universities Power Engineering Conference, UPEC 2004,

Book

2011	Antennas and propagation: modeling, simulation and measurements. IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383

Book Section

2017	Wireless structural health monitoring system by capacitor sensing technique. In: World Scientific, ISBN: 9789813226197, pp. 168-178
2014	Design and simulation of linear adaptive antenna array for mobile base station. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-283-0, pp. 59-74
2014	Development of a software package for the design of a microwave link. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-283-0, pp. 75-87
2014	Development of terrain profile analysis software for radio link design in Malaysia. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-283-0, pp. 88-98
2014	Direction of arrival estimation in multiple signal classification (music) using linear antenna array. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-283-0, pp. 99-112
2011	2.45 Ghz passive RFID tag antenna mounting on various platforms . In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-172-7, pp. 201-215
2011	Analysis of beamforming algorithms. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 108-120
2011	Cognitive radio vs intelligent antenna . In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-172-7, pp. 327-339
2011	Cognitive radio vs intelligent antenna. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181710, pp. 123-133
2011	Comparison between measured and predicted path loss for mobile communication in Malaysia. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 152-156
2011	Design and implementation of an optimal fuzzy logic controller using egentic algorithm . In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-172-7, pp. 249-264
2011	Design of linear array antenna for smart antenna application. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 121-136
2011	Design of symmetrical fed patch UWB antenna using partial ground and stairs . In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 22-32
2011	Design of symmetrical fed patch UWB antenna using slotted partial ground and stairs. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 33-39
2011	Design of symmetrical fed patch UWB antenna with tuning stub and symmetrical slotted ground . In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 40-48
2011	Design of unsymmetrical fed patch UWB antenna with unsymmetrical slotted ground . In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 49-55
2011	Design procedure for microstrip patch antenna. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 13-21
2011	Direction of arrival algorithms for array antenna design. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 97-107
2011	Effects of rain on free space optical propagation. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 310-317
2011	Food safety in shrimp aquaculture industries of Bangladesh: towards microbiology and biochemical approach . In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-197-0, pp. 238-249
2011	Frequency scaling methods for rain attenuation prediction. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 256-268
2011	Human posture recognition classifiers. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-156-7, pp. 22-31
2011	Investigation of solar environment effects on space assets & satellite signals. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978967418138, pp. 318-337
2011	IP multicast. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181406, pp. 139-143
2011	Leaky-wave array antenna. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 83-88
2011	MIPV6 extensions. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181406, pp. 133-138
2011	Modeling of wet antenna losses for frequencies 15-38 GHz. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 239-247
2011	Multi-band planar patch antenna. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 69-75
2011	Multi-band reconfigurable antenna using RF MEMS switch. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 63-68
2011	Overview of smart antenna systems. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 89-96
2011	Patch antenna parameters for ultra wideband design. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383 , pp. 6-12
2011	Path length reduction factor for rain attenuation prediction in Malaysia. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 248-255
2011	Propagation path loss modeling for wireless applications. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 137-151
2011	Proposed frequency scaling method based on measured rain attenuation data. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 269-277
2011	Proposed path loss models for suburban area in Kuala Lumpur. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383 , pp. 157-163
2011	Rain fade slope prediction model based on satellite data measured in Malaysia. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 303-309
2011	Smart antenna design: An overview. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789670225685, pp. 486-492
2011	Speaker recognition using mel frequency cepstrum. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-156-7, pp. 263-288
2011	Status of Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) fishery in Bangladesh. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-197-0, pp. 154-177
2011	Time-delay neural network for rainfall forecasting. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 186-192
2011	Transducers-to-microcntroller interfaces-software solution approach . In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 978-967-418-172-7, pp. 277-290
2011	Tuning fork type planar antenna. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 76-82
2011	Ultra wideband antenna with band notch using asymmetrical feedline. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 56-62
2011	Ultra wideband antennas. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383, pp. 1-5
2011	Worst-month statistics modeling based on measured data. In: IIUM Press, ISBN: 9789674181383 , pp. 285-297

Monograph

2012	Design and implementation of a smart mobile phone jammer. In: s.n,
2012	Developing a finite difference time domain (fdtd) software for solving large electromagnetic problems. In: s.n,